Scope 1, 2 and 3: Types of GHG emissions
To effectively manage their carbon footprint, organizations must classify their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into three categories: Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3. This classification, established by the GHG Protocol, helps differentiate between direct and indirect emissions, identifying their origin within or outside the organization. By understanding this structure, companies can focus their decarbonization efforts more effectively, complying with international standards and improving their environmental impact.
Scope 1 – Direct emissions
These are emissions from sources owned or controlled directly by the organization. They include:
- Combustion in boilers, furnaces, or company-owned vehicles.
- Fugitive emissions (such as refrigerant leaks).
- Internal industrial processes.
These emissions are the easiest to control and are usually the starting point for reduction efforts.
Scope 2 – Indirect emissions from energy consumption
These originate outside the organization's facilities but are associated with the consumption of purchased electricity, steam, or heating.
Although the company does not generate these emissions directly, it is responsible for its energy use.
Scope 3 – Other indirect emissions
This encompasses all other emissions throughout the value chain, both upstream and downstream. They are the most complex to measure and often represent the largest percentage of the total carbon footprint. Examples:
- Production of purchased goods and services.
- Transportation and distribution.
- Use of sold products.
- Business travel and commuting.
- Waste treatment.
Why is this classification important?
- Helps identify the main sources of emissions.
- Enables the design of more effective reduction strategies.
- Facilitates compliance with international standards like the GHG Protocol or ISO 14064.
- Improves transparency for investors, customers, and regulators.
Want to understand your emissions scopes and how to reduce them? At airCO2, we help you calculate your complete carbon footprint (Scope 1, 2, and 3) and define a tailored action plan.